Background: Whilst still rare, the incidence of paediatric stone disease is increasing in developed countries and it is\nimportant to evaluate the aetiology. We set up a dedicated renal stone service for children combining medical and\nsurgical expertise in 1993 and now have a large case series of children to investigate the epidemiology.\nMethods: A retrospective hospital note review of children presenting with kidney stones during the last 22 years\n(1993ââ?¬â??2015) was conducted. All patients had a comprehensive infective and metabolic screen and were classified\nas metabolic, infective or idiopathic stone disease.\nResults: Five hundred eleven patients (322 male) were reviewed. The median age of presentation was 4.4y for\nmales (1 m-16.6y) and 7.3y (1ââ?¬â??18.5y) for females with a median height and weight on the 25th centile for male and\non 10th and 25th for female, respectively. One hundred seventy five (34%) had an underlying metabolic\nabnormality, 112 (22%) had infective stones and 224 (44%) were classified as idiopathic.\nOf the 175 patients with a metabolic abnormality: 91 (52%) had hypercalciuria (76 persistent and 15 transient),\n37 (21%) hyperoxaluria, 38 (22%) cystinuria, 3 (2%) abnormalities in the purine metabolism and the remainder\nother metabolic abnormalities. Bilateral stones occurred in 27% of the metabolic group compared to 16% in\nthe non-metabolic group (OR 0.2, p < 0.05). Urinary tract infection was a common complication (27%) in the\nmetabolic group.\nConclusions: In this paper, we present the largest cohort of paediatric stone disease reported from a developed\ncountry giving details on both, clinical and laboratory data. We show that in the majority of the patients there is\nan identifiable underlying metabolic and/or infective aetiology emphasizing the importance of a full work up to\nprovide adequate treatment and prevent recurrence. Moreover, we show that stone disease in children, in\ncontrast to the adult population, does not seem to be associated with obesity, as children have a weight below\naverage at presentation.
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